A network pharmacology approach to assess Reno-protective and -curative effects of methanolic extract of Malva neglecta Wallr in gentamicin induced renal toxicity rat model

Abstract The aim of present study was to explore protective and curative effects of Malve neglecta on kidneys. In silco study with network pharmacology was performed to find out potential target organs, genes and cellular cell lines which confirmed kidneys as target organ of phyto-constituents present in Malva neglecta extract. Gentamicin (40 mg/kg, i.p) was given to induce renal toxicity. Prophylactic study was performed with 300-, 600- and 900 mg/kg doses to find out nephro-protective and -curative effects and curative potential was evaluated at 900 mg/kg dose. Renal function biomarkers, blood urea, BUN, serum creatinine and uric acid, and oxidative stress measuring biomarkers, SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA levels in kidney homogenate were quantified at the end of study. Treatment groups showed decrease in blood urea, BUN, serum creatinine and uric acid levels dose dependently and curative group also showed decline in these biomarkers. SOD, CAT, GSH levels were increased and MDA level decreased in treatment groups significantly as compared to toxic control which revealed the role of oxidative stress in renal damage and anti-oxidant power of MN. Data suggested that use of MN along with drugs causing renal toxicity may prove beneficial due to its nephro- protective and curative effects.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti- proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles - Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates)

Abstract Traditionally dates is consumed as a rich source of iron supplement and the current research discuss the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic seed extract of Rothan date and its application over in vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell line (A549). FTIR result of synthesised AgNPs reveals the presence of functional group OH as capping agent. XRD pattern confirms the crystalline nature of the AgNPs with peaks at 38º, 44º, 64º and 81º, indexed by (111), (200), (220) and (222) in the 2θ range of 10-90, indicating the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic Ag. HR- TEM results confirm the morphology of AgNPs as almost spherical with high surface areas and average size of 42 ± 9nm. EDX spectra confirmed that Ag is only the major element present and the Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assisted that the Z-average size was 203nm and 1.0 of PdI value. Zeta potential showed − 26.5mv with a single peak. The results of the biological activities of AgNPs exhibited dose dependent activity with 68.44% for arthritic, antiinflammatory with 63.32% inhibition and anti-proliferative activity illustrated IC50 value of 59.66 µg/mL expressing the potential of AgNPs to combat cancer

Dosage adjustment recommendations of drugs in non-nephrology units with kidney disease / Recomendaciones de ajuste posológico de fármacos para enfermedad renal en unidades no nefrológicas

Purpose: Kidney disease (KD) is defined as an abnormality of the kidney in the structure or function with implications for the health, which can occur abruptly, and either resolve or become chronic. This status use to require medication dosage adjustment. Inappropriate prescribing is a common drug-related problem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acceptance rate through pharmaceutical interventions with implementation of a daily cross-validation procedure in electronic prescription in patients with KD, susceptible to suffer a drug-related problem (DRP). Methods: A nine month-prospective study, in renal insufficiency inpatients (serum creatinine >1.7 mg/dl) treated with drugs that require dosage adjustment.Results: 539 patients with renal failure were identified, 135 of them needed any adjust in their prescription. We performed 179 dosage recommendations, 104 of which were accepted. Most of the recommendations were done in patients with G4 renal damage. Dose modification was the adjustment most widely required. 25 active ingredients were analyzed and the drugs with higher number of interventions were spironolactone, ranitidine, meropenem and allopurinol. General Internal Medicine was the unit with most interventions and acceptance rate. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical intervention stands out as a strategy to improve the population’s pharmacotherapeutic quality taking into account the integration of assisted electronic prescription systems to facilitate a fast and immediate intervention in decision-making in these situations. (AU)

Objetivos: Evaluar la tasa de aceptación de las intervenciones farmacéuticas con la implementación de un procedimiento diario de validación cruzada en prescripción electrónica de pacientes con IR susceptibles de sufrir un problema relacionado con la medicación (PRM). Material y método: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo de nueve meses de duración realizado en un hospital general universitario de 400 camas en pacientes con insuficiencia renal (creatinina sérica >1,7mg/dl) tratados con medicamentos que pueden requerir un ajuste posológico. La variable principal fue la tasa de aceptaación de las intervenciones farmacéuticas.Resultados: Se identificaron 539 pacientes con insuficiencia renal durante el período de estudio, 135 de ellos necesitaron algún ajuste en su prescripción. Se realizaron 179 recomendaciones farmacéuticas, 104 de las cuales fueron aceptadas. La mayoría de las recomendaciones se realizaron en pacientes con insuficiencia renal G4. Se analizaron 25 principios activos y los fármacos con mayor número de intervenciones fueron: espironolactona, ranitidina, meropenem y alopurinol. El servicio con más intervenciones y tasa de aceptación fue Medicina Interna. (AU)

Dosis de carbón activado en la intoxicación medicamentosa aguda / Activated charcoal dose in acute drug poisoning

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El dilema de la reducción de tratamiento en pacientes con asma moderado-grave controlados / The dilemma of reducing treatment for patients with moderate-severe controlled asthma

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Sistemas personalizados de dosificación en atención primaria: un estudio multidisciplinar / Dose dispensing service in a prymary health care area: A multidisciplinary study

Introducción: los sistemas personalizados de dosificación (SPD) preparados en farmacias son una opción para mejorar la adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: describir las características y grado de implantación de los SPD bajo la perspectiva de profesionales sanitarios de un centro de salud, farmacéuticos comunitarios y pacientes adscritos a ese centro. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal en la zona de influencia del centro de salud Daroca (Madrid). Participaron 64 profesionales del centro de salud, 37 farmacéuticos comunitarios y 29 usuarios de SPD. Se utilizaron cuestionarios para cada una de las categorías con preguntas sobre conocimientos y opiniones de los SPD, gestión, preparación y satisfacción con el servicio. Resultado: conocen los SPD el 61,4 % de los profesionales del centro de salud y el 94 % creen que son útiles. Trece farmacias ofrecen los SPD: el 55,6 % considera que hay que contactar con el médico, el 41,7 % pone precio al servicio y el 92,3 % lo hace manualmente. Cinco farmacias preparan SPD a 18 pacientes de la zona. Criterios de inclusión más utilizados: edad, polimedicación y sospecha de mal cumplimiento. Perfil de paciente usuario de SPD: mujer octogenaria con estudios primarios polimedicada que vive sola. El 66,7 % de los pacientes encuestados tomaba los medicamentos directamente de la caja y al 88,9 % de ellos les recomendó el SPD el farmacéutico. El cien por cien de los usuarios de SPD está muy satisfecho con el servicio. Conclusión: aunque todos los colectivos estudiados creen que los SPD son útiles para mejorar la adherencia, existe una baja implantación de los SPD en nuestra zona

Introduction: Dose Dispensing Service (SPD) prepared in pharmacies are an option to improve therapeutic adherence. Objective: to describe the characteristics and implantation of SPD from the perspective of professionals of a health center, community pharmacists and patients attached to that center. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in the area of influence of Daroca health center (Madrid). 64 health center professionals, 37 community pharmacists and 29 SPD users participated. Questionnaires were used for each of the categories with questions about knowledge and opinions of SPDs, management, preparation and satisfaction with the service. Results: 61.4% of health center professionals know SPD and 94% believe they are useful. 13 pharmacies offer SPD: 55.6% consider that they should contact the doctor, 41.7% charge for the service and 92.3% do so manually. 5 pharmacies prepare SPD for 18 patients in our local zone. Most used inclusion criteria: age, polymedication and suspicion of poor compliance. Patient profile using SPD: octogenarian woman polymedicated with primary studies living alone. 66.7% of the patients took the medications directly from the box. Pharmacists recommended SPD to 88.9% of patients. 100% of SPD users are very satisfied with the service. Conclusion: Although all the groups studied believe that SPDs are useful for improving adherence, SPDs have a low implementation in our area

Programa para la adecuación del uso de paracetamol a dosis menores y más seguras: implantación y resultados / Program for the adaptation of the use of paracetamol to lower and safer doses: Implementation and results

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Antimicrobial defined daily dose adjusted by weight: a proposal for antibiotic consumption measurement in children / Dosis diaria definida ajustada por peso: una propuesta para la medición de consumo antimicrobiano en pediatría

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial defined daily dose (DDD), has limitations for antimicrobial consumption measurement in paediatrics. An alternative DDD design applicable for children is proposed. METHODS: Children (< 16 years-old) from 10 Spanish hospitals during a 12-months period were included. Weight for age (50th percentile) was calculated for the median age of the cohort using standardized World Health Organization tables. DDD (g) for each antimicrobial was calculated by multiplying the obtained weight times the recommended dose (mg/kg) of the antimicrobial for the most common infectious indication. RESULTS: A total of 40,575 children were included. Median age was 4.17 (IQR: 1.36-8.98) and 4.81 (IQR: 1.42-9.60) years for boys and girls, respectively. Mean weight for this age was 17.08 kg. Standardized DDD for representative antimicrobials were calculated. CONCLUSIONS: A useful method for antimicrobial DDD measurement in paediatrics has been proposed and should be validated in future studies for its use in paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programmes

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dosis diaria definida (DDD), tiene limitaciones para la medición del consumo antimicrobiano en pediatría. Se propone un diseño aplicable en niños. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron niños (< 16 años) de 10 hospitales españoles durante un periodo de 12 meses. A partir de la mediana de edad de la cohorte, utilizando tablas estandarizadas de la OMS, se obtuvo el peso correspondiente al percentil P50 de esa edad. Se calculó la DDD (gr) multiplicando el peso obtenido por la dosis recomendada (mg/kg) de cada antimicrobiano para su indicación más común. RESULTADOS: Un total de 40575 niños fueron incluidos. La mediana de edad fue 4,17 (RIQ: 1,36-8,98) y 4,81 (RIQ: 1,42-9,60) años para niños y niñas, respectivamente. Peso medio para la edad: 17,08 kg. DDD estandarizadas fueron calculadas para antimicrobianos representativos. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha propuesto un método útil para monitorizar consumo antimicrobiano en pediatría utilizando DDD adaptadas, que deberá validarse en futuros estudios

Antimicrobial defined daily dose adjusted by weight: A proposal for antibiotic consumption measurement in children / Dosis diaria definida ajustada por peso: una propuesta para la medición de consumo antimicrobiano en pediatría

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In reply to: "Antimicrobial defined daily dose adjusted by weight: A proposal for antibiotic consumption measurement in children" / En respuesta a: "Dosis diaria definida ajustada por peso: una propuesta para la medición de consumo antimicrobiano en pediatría"

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Diferentes dosis de fentanilo para realizar endoscopias digestivas altas en respiración espontánea: efectos en las necesidades de propofol y en el valor del índice biespectral / Different fentanyl dosages used for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) in spontaneous breathing patients: Effects in propofol requirements and bispectral index scores (BIS)

Introducción: Para realizar una endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), una combinación farmacológica muy empleada es la analgosedación intravenosa con hipnóticos y opioides. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la evolución en nuestro hospital de dicha técnica durante el periodo 2011-2017. Pacientes y método: Estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos de pacientes entre 1 y 14 años de edad que precisaron EDA diagnóstica. El protocolo de sedación se realizó con fentanilo y propofol. Se estudiaron tres dosis diferentes de fentanilo (1, 1,5 y 2 μg/kg). El objetivo fue valorar el efecto de incrementar la dosis de fentanilo sobre las necesidades de propofol y el índice biespectral (BIS). Resultados: De los 155 pacientes incluidos, 61 se asignaron al grupo F1, 28 al F1.5 y 66 al F2. Los tres grupos no fueron homogéneos respecto a la edad y el peso, aunque sí respecto a la distribución por sexos. La dosis de propofol fue significativamente menor en los grupos F1.5 y F2 en comparación con el F1. El valor del BIS fue significativamente mayor en el grupo F2 que en el F1, pero no respecto al F1.5. Conclusiones: Cuando se efectúa una analgosedación con fentanilo y propofol en una EDA, los pacientes que reciben una dosis mayor de fentanilo (1,5 μg/kg) precisan menos propofol y tienen un grado de sedación (medido por BIS) menor. El aumento de fentanilo a 2 μg/kg no parece tener ventajas respecto a la dosis de 1,5 μg/kg

Introduction: Intravenous analgosedation with a combination of both hypnotics and opioids is often used for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients and method: Case reports retrospective study of children aged 1 to 14 yr who required diagnostic UGE. Intravenous analgosedation protocol was accomplished with fentanyl plus propofol. Three different fentanyl doses are compared: 1, 1.5 and 2 μg/kg. The objective was to assess the effect that different fentanyl dosages produce in propofol requirements and BIS level for effective sedation in UGE. The main variables were propofol total dose adjusted to body weight and effective BIS level at execution of UGE. Results: 155 patients met the inclusion criteria. F1 group, 61 patients; F1.5, 28, and F2, 66. They were not homogeneous regarding age nor weight; sex distribution was homogeneous instead. Propofol total dose was significant lower in both F1.5 and F2 compared to the F1 group. BIS was significant higher in F2 group relating to F1 group, but there wasn’t significant difference between F2 and F1.5 groups. Conclusions: When an analgosedation protocol for UGE in spontaneous breathing pediatric patients is accomplished with a combination of fentanyl and propofol, lesser amount of propofol is needed with 1.5 μg/kg fentanyl dose (in comparison with 1 μg/kg) and less sedation level (measured by BIS) is necessary. Higher fentanyl dose (2 μg/kg) does not seem to have advantages respect to 1.5 μg/kg

Algoritmo de tratamiento con omalizumab en urticaria crónica espontánea / Algorithm for Treatment of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria with Omalizumab

Antecedentes y objetivo: Los ensayos pivotales de omalizumab en urticaria crónica espontánea (UCE) tienen un periodo de tratamiento de entre 12 y 24 semanas. Sin embargo, muchos pacientes en práctica clínica requieren periodos de tratamiento más prolongados. Por ello el objetivo es presentar un algoritmo de manejo del fármaco. Materiales y métodos: El documento de consenso que detallamos nace de la puesta en común, aceptación, revisión y confrontación de la literatura reciente del grupo de trabajo de UCE "Xarxa d'Urticària Catalana i Balear" (XUrCB). Resultados: Se inicia el tratamiento a dosis autorizada y se ajusta la dosis en intervalos trimestrales en función del Urticaria Activity Score de los últimos 7 días (UAS7) y/o el Urticarial Control Test (UCT). Conclusiones: El algoritmo propuesto pretende servir de guía respecto a cómo ajustar dosis, cómo y cuándo parar el fármaco y el modo de reintroducirlo en casos de recaída

Background and objective: Pivotal trials with omalizumab for treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are generally run over 12 to 24weeks. However, in clinical practice, many patients need longer treatment. In this article, we present an algorithm for treatment with omalizumab. Material and methods: The consensus document we present is the result of a series of meetings by the CSU working group of "Xarxa d'Urticària Catalana i Balear" (XUrCB) at which data from the recent literature were presented, discussed, compared, and agreed upon. Results: Treatment with omalizumab should be initiated at the authorized dose, and is adjusted at 3-monthly intervals according to the Urticaria Activity Score Over 7 days, the Urticaria Control Test, or both. Conclusions: The algorithm proposed is designed to provide guidance on how to adjust omalizumab doses, how and when to discontinue the drug, and how to reintroduce it in cases of relapse

Development of the Anticholinergic Burden Calculator Web Tool / Desarrollo de la herramienta web Anticholinergic Burden Calculator

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Parámetros mamográficos: compresión, dosis y disconfort / Mammography parameters: compression, dose, and discomfort

Objetivo: Confirmar la importancia de la compresión en mamografía, y relacionarla con el disconfort manifestado por las pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Se emplearon 2 muestras de 402 y 268 mamografías, obtenidas en dos centros de diagnóstico que poseen el mismo equipo mamográfico pero diferentes técnicas de compresión. Las edades variaron entre los 21 y los 50 años. Resultados: Se observó una sensible disminución en la dosis recibida a mayor compresión. Sin embargo, no se obtuvo una diferencia significativa en lo que respecta a los reclamos de las pacientes en relación con el disconfort experimentado. Discusión y Conclusión: La compresión en mamografía, siguiendo los estándares internacionales de una fuerza entre 80-120 N, es efectiva en cuanto a la reducción de dosis, sin por eso ser insoportable para la paciente. Este disconfort tampoco está relacionado con la glandularidad de la mama.

Objective: To confirm the importance of compression in mammography and relate it to the discomfort expressed by the patients. Materials and methods: Two samples of 402 and 268 mammographies were obtained from two diagnostic centres that use the same mammographic equipment, but different compression techniques. The patient age range was from 21 to 50 years old. Results: A significant decrease in the dose received was observed at higher compression. However, there was no significant difference as regards patients complaining about the discomfort experienced. Discussion and Conclusion: Compression in mammography, following the international standards of a pressure between 80-120 N, is effective in reducing the dose without being unbearable for the patient. This discomfort is also unrelated to the glandularity of the breast.

Assessment of the rates and characteristics of the short-term supply of medication (Tider) from an integrated healthcare delivery system in the United States

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the rate of medication short-term supply dispensings (tider), patient and medication characteristics associated with a tider, and costs for tider dispensings in an integrated healthcare delivery system in Colorado, United States. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in an integrated healthcare delivery system’s outpatient clinics. All patients who had a prescription dispensed for a study medication at any of the system’s 28 outpatient pharmacies during the first quarter of 2016 were included. A tider was identified as a 3-day supply of a prescription medication that was dispensed at no charge to a patient. The quarterly tider rate and the per member per month (PMPM) cost of tiders were estimated. Patient and medication characteristics associated with a tider were assessed. Results: A total of 444,225 study medications were dispensed for 135,907 patients during the study period. There were 3,430 (0.77%, 95%CI 0.75%:0.80%) medications dispensed as a tider. The PMPM cost of tider medications and their dispensing fees was USD 0.03. There were 1,092 (0.8%) and 134,815 (99.2%) patients who did and did not, respectively, have at least one tider dispensed during the study period. Patient characteristics strongly associated with having had a tider dispensed included being older, male, and a Medicare beneficiary. Cardiovascular and neuromuscular medications had the highest rates of tider dispensing. Conclusions: The rate of tider dispensing was relatively low; however, approximately one out of 125 patients had at least one tider. Patients who had a tider were more likely to be older, female, a Medicare beneficiary, and having had a previous tider dispensing and a higher burden of chronic disease. The tider medication was more likely to be a cardiovascular or neuromuscular medication class and more likely to be dispensed on a weekend. The total cost of dispensing a tider appears reasonable since the benefits of providing patients with needed medications likely outweigh the cost. Future studies should be performed to assess the impact of tider dispensing on health outcomes (AU)

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Hypofractionated boost after whole breast irradiation in breast carcinoma: chronic toxicity results and cosmesis

Purpose. To evaluate the impact of hypofractionated boost after hypofractionated whole breast irradiation in breast carcinoma. Methods and materials. Patients after breast conservative surgery were treated all time with hypofractionation of 2.67 Gy/day. Whole breast dose was 40.05 Gy followed in case of risk of local relapse by a boost of 16.02 Gy or 8.01 Gy. Acute and chronic toxicity results were evaluated including cosmetic software-assisted assessment and objective evaluation of fibrosis parameters (elasticity and hydration) by means of a skin tester. Results. A total of 362 patients were evaluated. Acute toxicities comprised grade 1 dermatitis in 48.1 %, grade 2 in 44.5 % and grade 3 in 17 patients 4.7 %, respectively. After a median follow-up of 4.5 years, in 308 cases (86.6 %) there was no chronic skin or subcutaneous changes. In the first consecutive 50 patients, measures with skin tester showed no statistical differences in parameters for skin and subcutaneous fibrosis. Cosmetic results were considered excellent and good in 26 and 62 %, respectively. Conclusions. Boost to tumour bed with hypofractionated doses is well tolerated and acute and chronic toxicities are mild with good cosmetic results. Objective systems are encouraging methods to assess skin quality and cosmesis (AU)

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Oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a Spanish Guideline. Egg and milk immunotherapy Spanish Guide (ITEMS GUIDE). Part II: Maintenance phase of cow milk (CM) and egg oral immunotherapy (OIT), special treatment dosig schedules. Models of dosing Schedules of OIT with CM and egg

Introduction: Cow milk and egg are the most frequent causes of food allergy in the first years of life. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been investigated as an alternative to avoidance diets. No clinical practice guidelines on the management of OIT with milk and egg are currently available. Objectives: To develop clinical guidelines for OIT based on available scientific evidence and the opinions of experts. Methods: A review was made of studies published between 1984 and June 2016, doctoral theses published in Spain, summaries of communications at scientific meetings (SEAIC, SEICAP, EAACI, and AAAAI), and the consensus of opinion established by a group of experts from the scientific societies SEICAP and SEAIC. Results: Recommendations were established regarding the indications, requirements and practical aspects of the different phases of OIT, as well as special protocols for patients at high risk of adverse reactions. Conclusions: Clinical practice guidelines based on the consensus reached between Spanish experts are presented for the management of OIT with milk and egg (AU)

Introducción: El huevo y la leche de vaca son la causa más frecuente de alergia alimentaria en los primeros años de vida. Como alternativa terapéutica a la dieta de eliminación se han investigado otras formas de tratamiento como la inmunoterapia oral (ITO). Actualmente no existen guías de práctica clínica para el manejo de la ITO con leche y huevo. Objetivos: Elaborar una guía clínica para el tratamiento con ITO basada en la evidencia científica disponible y en la opinión de expertos. Métodos: Revisión de estudios publicados desde el año 1984 hasta junio de 2016, tesis doctorales publicadas en España, resúmenes de comunicaciones en congresos (SEAIC, SEICAP, EAACI, AAAAI) y consenso de opinión de un grupo de expertos de las sociedades científicas SEICAP y SEAIC. Resultados: Se establecen recomendaciones acerca de la indicación, requerimientos, aspectos prácticos del tratamiento en las diferentes fases de la ITO, y pautas especiales para pacientes de alto riesgo de reacciones adversas. Conclusiones: Se presenta una guía con las directrices para el manejo en la práctica clínica de la ITO con leche y huevo que aúna la opinión consensuada de expertos españoles (AU)

Conocimiento de las enfermeras de las dosis de medicamentos en urgencias de pediatría / Knowledge of nurses about medication doses at pediatric urgency departament

Los fallos relacionados con la medicación son la segunda causa de errores en pacientes hospitalizados. Los niños son un grupo de riesgo, siendo la presión asistencial del servicio de urgencias determinante en la incidencia de errores. OBJETIVO: Determinar los conocimientos de las enfermeras sobre las dosis de los medicamentos más utilizados en urgencias pediátricas. Material y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado a enfermeras de urgencias pediátricas en 14 hospitales de Madrid. Mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado se recogieron datos durante 5 días en enero de 2014: demográficos; del conocimiento en la responsabilidad del personal de enfermería en la administración y en la dosificación de estos medicamentos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo global y estratificado por tipo de hospital y experiencia laboral. RESULTADOS: La tasa de respuesta fue de 114 (34,9%). Del personal, 80 (70,8%) comprueban las dosis antes de administrarlas; 20 (18,6%) no creen que sea responsabilidad suya administrar una dosis mal prescrita. Hay mayor conocimiento entre el grupo con experiencia mayor a 5 años, excepto en sedoanalgesia (p < 0,05). La media de puntuación obtenida fue de 3,8 sobre 10 (1,99). CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de dosis de medicamentos de las enfermeras es deficiente

Errors in drug administration are the second cause of errors in hospitalized PATIENTS: Children are a high risk group. Besides, pressure in care interventions at emergency department leads to increase incidence errors. AIM: Determining nurses' knowledge about the most common drug doses at pediatric urgency department. METHODS: Descriptive transversal study. We collected data from nurses of 14 pediatric emergency departments of Madrid. With an 'ad hoc' questionnaire we collected the following data during five days in January of 2014: demographic, knowledge of responsibility in administration and doses of drugs. Global descriptive analysis was made and it was stratified by hospital and work experience. RESULTS: The answer rate was 114 (34.9%). Only 80 (70.8%) of nurses confirm doses before their administration; 20 (18.6%) think that a wrong prescription that they administer is not their responsibility. There is a high knowledge in the group with more than five years of work experience, except for sedative-analgesic drugs (p < 0.05). The average score obtained was 3.8 of 10 (1.99). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses' knowledge about drug doses is low

El reto de la administración de antituberculosos en lactantes y preescolares. Proyecto Magistral de pTBred / The challenge of administering anti-tuberculosis treatment in infants and pre-school children. pTBred Magistral Project

INTRODUCCIÓN: En España no existen presentaciones pediátricas de fármacos antituberculosos, salvo para rifampicina. Algunos pediatras prescriben fórmulas magistrales (FM), mientras que otros administran comprimidos triturados. No existe consenso al respecto, ni estudios de farmacocinética que avalen estos procedimientos. Ante esta situación, la Red Española de Estudio de la Tuberculosis Pediátrica (pTBred) desarrolla el Proyecto Magistral, con el objetivo de analizar, en su primera fase, la conveniencia de desarrollar formas farmacéuticas específicas para niños, así como estudiar otros aspectos relacionados con la administración de antituberculosos en niños. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, multicéntrico y de ámbito nacional, mediante encuesta on-line enviada por correo electrónico a los instituciones pertenecientes a pTBred entre febrero y marzo del 2015 RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 54 respuestas de 67 instituciones consultadas. La mayoría de los centros trituran los comprimidos. Un porcentaje elevado, aunque menor, administra FM, cuya disponibilidad es variable entre las instituciones. El 83% responde que sería ideal disponer de combinaciones fijas de antituberculosos, adaptadas a las dosis pediátricas y administradas mediante FM o en un comprimido. Entre las instituciones encuestadas existen diferencias en el tratamiento de la infección tuberculosa latente, el uso de la terapia directamente observada y la monitorización de efectos adversos. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestra encuesta revela gran heterogeneidad en la prescripción de antituberculosos en niños debido a la falta de formulaciones específicas para esta edad, que podría tener implicaciones en la adherencia al tratamiento y evolución. pTBred propone elaborar un pionero y útil documento de consenso sobre la administración de medicación antituberculosa en niños

INTRODUCTION: There are no paediatric formulations of anti-tuberculous drugs in Spain, with the only exception being rifampicin. Some paediatricians often prescribe composite formulations (CF), while others prefer to give crushed tablets. Nevertheless, there is no consensus in this regard, or any pharmacokinetic studies validating these procedures. In this situation, the Spanish Network for the Study of Paediatric Tuberculosis (pTBred) has launched the Magistral Project, which has as its first phase aims to analyse the desirability of developing child-friendly pharmaceutical formulations and other aspects regarding the anti-tuberculous drug prescription in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre, nationwide study was conducted, based on an online questionnaire sent to members of pTBred between February and March 2015. RESULTS: Fifty-four responses from 67 consulted institutions were received. Most of the respondents reported prescribing crushed tablets. A significant number of those surveyed, although being fewer, prescribe CF, for which availability varies widely among institutions. Eighty-three percent replied that it would be essential to have fixed dose combinations of anti-tuberculous drugs, specifically adapted to paediatric doses and administered by CF or tablets. Among the surveyed institutions, differences were found in the management of latent tuberculosis infection, in the use of directly observed therapy, and in the monitoring of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey reveals great diversity in anti-tuberculous drug prescription in children, due to the lack of suitable infant formulations, which could have an impact on treatment adherence and outcomes. pTBred intends to develop a pioneering and useful consensus document on the management of anti-tuberculous medication in children